Callafangers wrote: ↑Mon Jan 26, 2026 7:53 pm
SanityCheck wrote:This is a bad example, since you advanced a purported "historical hypothesis" while apparently ignorant of what happened to the dead from Napoleonic battlefields and in particular, the Battle of Waterloo. [...continues with a huge essay on Waterloo...]
Amazing -- seven paragraphs on the Battle of Waterloo which I only threw in as a generic example.
And yet, those paragraphs showed that your hypothetical example wouldn't easily work as a case of 'falsification', due to the literal shifting of the remains, when they were scavenged two hundred or so years ago.
The passage of time is an information-destroying process, in very uneven ways, which also includes physical evidence. Human and animal bones literally dissolve in acidic soil in decades, in neutral soil this can take centuries, alkaline environments preserve them best, with forms of fossilisation.
https://www.unilad.com/news/world-news/ ... 9-20231206
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletonization
There is significantly more historical information on the aftermath of the battle of Waterloo from contemporary written sources than there is for ancient battlefields, which can be harder to locate for that reason, as you noted with the case of Cannae. The battle of the Teutoburger Wald in 9 AD is now thought to have taken place, based on archaeology, somewhere other than the Hermannsdenkmal which was erected to commemorate this ancient Germanic victory over the Roman legions.
Bones and bodies may have decayed, but the soil is full of phosphates, the chemical traces of the dead, and if you strike the ground with a shovel, he says, there is “a fountain of finds”.
https://www.theguardian.com/culture/202 ... eum-legion
Try as you might, it is inescapable that a theory or claim must be subjected to falsification in order to retain its claim to validity.
I think you've tied yourself in knots confusing many things. Popper identified falsifiability as a criterion for scientific theories, and extended this to social scientific theories making law-like claims or predictions (as you paraphrased him about Marxism.
Historical claims are not predictions. The past cannot be re-run as a scientific experiment, and as noted, the passage of time is an information-destroying process. The philosophy of science hasn't always recognised the differences between trying to observe things in the present and trying to make inferences based on past traces. Natural and human actions have caused massive destruction to the sum total of information about the past which survives in the present, in a highly uneven way.
You've further confused falsifiability with 're-verifying' the past, while sidestepping the questions about how we could in principle 'falsify' well-attested events - or organisations, nation-states, personalities, cultural artefacts.
If the principle of falsifiability is as 'inescapable' as you claim, then it should be demonstrable for things like:
- The Beatles
- the existence of the United States of America from the late 18th Century to the present day
- all 47 US Presidencies from George Washington to Donald Trump
The historicity of The Beatles, the United States, the 47 presidencies over US history, are all massively attested to an entirely overwhelming level. There are innumerable sources confirming that Gerald Ford succeeded Richard Nixon in 1974 and was President until January 1977. Aspects of his presidency, or of the career of The Beatles, might be less well attested. But that doesn't automatically make them 'falsifiable'; the detail might be simply too obscure and thus unsourced, making claims about the detail uncertain. Other aspects can be revised and corrected with new information and thus appear 'falsifiable'.
Falsifiability isn't restricted to controversial claims. Popper was claiming this was a criterion for all scientific theories, without actually having demonstrated that this extended to historical claims - he had plenty of examples of major personalities and big events in his own era he could have used to do this, but he didn't.
Claims about the past exist on a manifest continuum, from over-attested (such as the sheer volume of sources that exist for the career and legacy of The Beatles), to found only in a single source.
Without these predictions being thoroughly testable (i.e. falsifiable) by all available means, there is no reasonable claim to validity, period.
So you need to demonstrate how that works with massively attested cases like The Beatles or a US Presidency as a whole, how these could be 'falsified' or 'tested', as well as how this would work with specific events which are not necessarily violent or which would not necessarily leave physical or visual evidence, but which could be documented in other ways.
Once you've shown how 'falsifiability' applies in general to the past, and thus whether the historicity of The Beatles or the Ford Presidency is or isn't a falsifiable scientific theory or is instead a well documented episode in recent history, then we can move on to the more contentious issues.
It seems more reasonable to stick with the actual historical method of accumulating sources, cross-checking them, corroborating them, eliminating the genuinely batshit and false sources, etc.
As a mid-range example, I'll add in the British Union of Fascists and Oswald Mosley to the pile. One can find many reports in British newspapers preserved and digitised in Gale Primary Sources about Mosley and the BUF, Fascists or 'blackshirts' for the 1930s. One such story was a report from the Exeter and Plymouth Gazette from Friday December 22, 1933, on p.13, entitled 'Blackshirts at Exeter. Sir Oswald Mosley and Hecklers'. Mosley spoke at the Civic Hall and the report mentions him attacking the 'Reds' but there was no mention of the Jews.
How do you 'falsify' this newspaper story? Is it a 'scientific theory' that Oswald Mosley spoke at a public meeting in Exeter in December 1933? Or is it just a historical event, an episode in the life of Mosley and the existence of the BUF in public life from 1932-1940? It is certainly documented in this newspaper.
It's true that newspapers can run false stories for a variety of reasons, which are usually exposed by subsequent reports, relegated to false rumour status, etc. Some stories turn out to be one-offs in newspapers but might be better documented in private and state records, e.g. court cases. Working with these texts, historians can note degrees of sympathy, antipathy and perhaps patterns of bias pro and con a political party like the BUF in 1930s Britain, the extent to which the BUF were involved in physical altercations with political opponents (and potentially who started them, going by the court cases and reporting of them), and much else. The pattern connecting multiple sources together to present an account is what matters when writing most forms of history.
There may well be other sources on Mosley's visit to Exeter in 1933, going by a google search which reveals books on the BUF in Devon (Todd Gray, 2006, being one example). Looking for other sources would be searching for corroboration and thus verification - but is that always a necessary step whenever one encounters a single source?
One can add: how do you 'falsify' a trial record in Old Bailey Online? In what ways is such a historical source 'falsifiable'? One can read the trial record and make judgements about the reliability of the human verdict, the biases around social standing, class, religion and gender, the fairness or unfairness of the case, and maybe identify personal or political motives for accusations, witness claims and so on. None of that is 'falsification'. The historical fact of the trial is attested by the record, whatever we might now judge about the verdict or observe in the patterns of trials regarding 18th Century standards of evidence as well as the harshness or mildness of verdicts. Our contemporary legal and ethical standards are different, so we don't now punish theft with the death penalty, and have better evidence-gathering techniques, but still contend with how to prosecute murder, infanticide, fraud and theft among other behaviours long deemed criminal offences. Applying 21st Century standards and values to 18th Century court cases wouldn't 'falsify' the case or change the recorded verdict.
The study of such cases can approach a
geschichtswissenschaftlich level by gathering and analysing data about the patterns of the cases. The 'scientific' claims are generally about the pattern. There may not be a complete set of such records, as is often the case for past records, one might find some have been lost or destroyed, and then find newspaper reports about them minus an actual trial record, or find nothing and be aware that the survival of such legal records and reporting of such cases is incomplete. It's certainly possible that when surveying all such trial records across early modern and modern societies, we find cases that turn out to be entirely made up for some weird reason, but generally speaking there isn't much mileage in fabricating an official court record from whole cloth to accuse a nonexistent defendant. Whereas cases of mistaken identity would be more common. But does that mean going into paroxysms of doubt every time one reads through such a trial record or reads a story about a court case in an early modern or modern newspaper?